Procurement Methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Acquisition Methods - Assignment Example In this venture, the development acquirement strategies that will be discussed are the novated structure and fabricate techniques, quickened customary techniques and the development the board approach. Development organization is as acquirement course in which the works are worked by different distinctive foremen. These manufacturers are contracted to the client yet managed by an advancement chief. The development chief goes about as a master for the client, controlling and encouraging the working agreements. The improvement head is all around chose in front of plan for the diagram change so their experience can be used to upgrade the create limit and packaging of recommendations as they manufacture. This can engage some trade foremen to be designated sooner than others, potentially shortening the time taken to complete the obligation allocated. On the other hand, there will be the worth insecurity until the arrangement is done and the sum total of what understanding has been let. Quickened conventional strategy is where a manufacturer is chosen earlier in the game plan of structure on the reason of partial information, either by exchange or in rivalry. Course of action, from the reason of the beginning, inadequate information, happens once the last diagram information gets the chance to be available. Improvement starts when the framework is made to the last stage (Bennett, 1990). While this allows an early start on the spot, it furthermore includes less feeling about cost. In Accelerated customary technique, some diagram covers improvement. It is practiced by letting an alternate, advance works contract. For example, by allowing establishments (site space, loading and foundations) to keep on building once masterminding assent has been gotten remembering the plan for whatever remaining parts of the structure is done, and by offering over the ground advancement freely. This reduces the total

Finding Perfect College Essay Samples

Finding Perfect College Essay SamplesWhen you're looking for perfect college essay samples, there are a lot of sources. Some of them are readily available at your local college bookstore. Many of the others are more difficult to find. This is because they aren't available in your area.But that shouldn't keep you from trying to find great essay samples online. There are actually a few methods you can use to find these online. Some of them are very convenient, and some aren't. It all depends on how much time you have. The advantage of doing some research online is that you'll be able to find the ideal essays.If you're someone who is good with words, then you should use a web search to find the best essays online. Using this method is fairly simple. All you have to do is fill out a short form and then click a button.But if you have the patience and the extra effort, then you might want to check out some college books and reference materials. These sources are definitely better than web searches. You'll find that they're much easier to get your hands on. Plus, they often offer a much wider selection of essays.Books are great because they usually include a number of essay samples that you can examine. This allows you to narrow down your search a bit to only find the ones that you like.But you should know that you'll need to keep your own unique research in mind. Even though you're using a book review for a source, you should still spend some time evaluating how the piece sounds.Make sure you have access to some basic information before you invest in any essay, including spelling, grammar, and tone. Look for tips to make your own essay sound even better. The best ones are the ones that contain just the right combination of resources.Do a web search for essay samples, or a bookstore visit, but make sure that you don't forget the information that's important to you. If you're already familiar with the topic, you should go back and check out other resources as well.

Edwin Blacks War Against the Weak: Eugenics and Americas Campaign to Create a Master Race :: Edwin Black Eugenics Master Race Essays

Edwin Black's War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race To the normal American it appears to be incomprehensible that US based examination into the logical practice of selective breeding could have been the establishment and driving force for Hitler's Nazi annihilation and barbarities. What's more, ideas of racial predominance and the logical mission for the improvement of an unadulterated Aryan country, both by the United States and remote nations, especially Germany, were supported and filled by monies from such conspicuous families as the Rockefellers, Carnegies and Harriman's. In his book, War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race, writer Edwin Black follows the historical backdrop of the American genetic counseling development, its impact on the ascent to intensity of the Third Reich, and how it was the establishment for the improvement of logical bigotry. Thus, Black feelings of trepidation that however selective breeding as in we review from the past is gone in name, the future despite everything presents eugenic-like research under the appearance of human hereditary science, which indeed is upheld by corporate financing whose objectives are more for money related increase and globalization, instead of to help humankind. The starting points of eugenic belief system can be followed to the mid-nineteenth century when English rationalist, Herbert Spencer authored the expression natural selection. Those solid and fittest would normally ascend to the top, to support society. Spencer, alongside other driving researchers like Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel upheld the standards of the improvement of mankind dependent on this predominance rationale; supporting their discoveries through the consolidated uses of science and arithmetic. In 1865, analyst Francis J. Galton proposed that heredity not just transmitted physical highlights, for example, hair shading and stature, however mental, enthusiastic and innovative characteristics too, thus new speculations were conceived. (Page: 15). These qualities were more than fortuitous and Galton set about ordering and sorting a great many individuals dependent on his speculation that adverse innate existed, and that awful attributes would out gauge the great and thus, individuals would winding naturally descending. In this manner the expression genetic counseling was used as the investigation of all offices under social control which can improve or impede the racial nature of people in the future. (Page: 18). Utilizing the standards explained by Galton and through Mendel's exploration parents in law of passive and prevailing attributes found in plant rearing, American specialists entered this new logical field.

Digital Evidence Admissibility - Free Essay Example

Law Examination Q3: Outline and discuss the factors which will determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence Answers: Admissible Evidence Before determine the admissibility of the computer-generated or computer stored evidence, we should know an evidence of what conditions are needed to meet is an admissible evidence. Gerald and Kathleen Hillgave us a definition of admissible evidence: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  evidence which the trial judge finds is useful in helping the trier of fact (a jury if there is a jury, otherwise the judge), and which cannot be objected to on the basis that it is irrelevant, immaterial, or violates the rules against hearsay and other objections. Sometimes the evidence which a person tries to introduce has little relevant value (usually called probative value) in determining some fact, or prejudice from the jurys shock at gory details may outweigh that probative value. In criminal cases the courts tend to be more restrictive on letting the jury hear such details for fear they will result in undue prejudice. Thus, the jury may only hear a sanitized version of the facts in prosecutions involving violence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  So as the Gerald and Kathleen Hill said all of the evidence must be related the case and must be competent. This kind of evidence will have the admissibility. In the definition of the admissible evidence, they did not mention the format of the evidence. That means the admissibility of computer-generated and computer stored evidence should be considered if the digital evidence is related the case and the digital evidence with high reliability. In the other word if the evidence has probative value, the evidence will have admissibility. In todays information age the number of computer-related crime increased very fast we cannot deny the probative value of digital evidence. Because computer-generated or computer stored evidence h ave probative value. So this kind of evidence can be describe as ordinary evidence, and ordinary rules of evidence can be applied on digital evidence. The factors which will determine the admissibility of digital evidence According to the Federal Rules of Evidence Rule 402, relevant evidence is admissible. So the factor of determine the admissibility of digital evidence is whether the evidence relevant or not. But it is not enough to determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence because computer-generated or computer stored evidence has his own unique nature. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The unique nature of digital evidence, as well as the ease with which it can be manipulated or falsified, creates hurdles to admissibility not faced with other evidence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Hon. Alan Pendleton said. So in many computer-related cases the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence was always called into question. When the admissibil ity if computer-generated or computer stored evidence was called into question the court should use the analytical framework to analysis the admissibility of the digital evidence. Pursuant to Minnesota Judicial Training Update 13-11 the analytical framework should be the four step à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“STEP 1: EXHIBIT MUST BE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“AUTHENTICATED OR IDENTIFIEDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  STEP 2: DOES EXHIBIT CONSITUTE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“HEARSAY OR NON-HEARSAYà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  STEP 3: MUST BE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“RELEVANTà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  AND NOT à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“UNFAIRLY PREJUDICIALà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  STEP 4: MUST NOT CONSTITUTE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“PRIVILEGEDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  COMMUNICATIONà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Although this four-step are used to verify admissibility of general evidence, these four-step can also be used to determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence. Because computer-generated or computer stored evidence is a part of the evidence. Authenticated or identi fied Authenticated means the third party will provide a lot of evidence to prove the finding digital evidence in question is what the provider said it to be. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The most common method of authentication is the use of testimony by a witness with knowledge that the exhibit is what it claims to be. Minn. R. Evid. 9.01(b)(2). And in the Minn. R. Evid 9.01 list other 9 methods. But there are two types of authentication of digital evidence one is self-authenticating the other one is not self-authenticating. Pursuant to Minn. R. Evid. 9.02(5) information that from government website is self-authenticating. On the other hand private website are not self-authenticating. In the Mini. R. Evid it just mentioned what kind of web site information is self-authenticating what kind of web site information is not self-authenticating. But in another word government website that means public information, private website that means private information. So we can summarized as follow s: Public evidence is self-authenticating, and private information is not self-authenticating. So computer-generated or computer stored evidence should be divided into two situations, one is self-authenticating one is not self-authenticating. In certain circumstances computer-generated data is constant. For example the size of the hard disk. We can believe this kind of computer-generated data is self-authenticating data. But in most situation computer-generated or computer stored evidence requires authentication. For example computer-generated material is generated by computer itself such as the size of the file, last modify time of the file, last access time of the file and so on. Pursuant to Minn. R. Evid(b)(9) the process of authentication is two-fold à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“(1) A description of the system or process to produce a particular result, and (2) Evidence showing that the process or system produces an accurate result. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  However, because the unique n ature of digital evidence can be manipulated or falsified the questions of reliability of the digital evidence are often hotly disputed, the requirement to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“authenticateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is usually the most difficult to overcome. Hearsay or Non-hearsay (The computer has first-hand information) Hearsay rule is a very important rule in rules of evidence. According to this rule only the testimony of the person who knows the fact that can be accept. Because only this kind of person can be at the trial. If this rule is applied to the document evidence that will means if the document writer cannot testify for the document, the document cannot be an evidence. For the computer-generated or computer stored evidence, the evidence writer is computer itself and people cannot interrogate computer, so the computer-generated or computer stored evidence will not be accepted. This is obviously unreasonable so the legislature add another rule in the hearsay rule for computer-related evidence. That is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“first hand hearsay generally admissible in civil casesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  theCivil Evidence Act 1968. In another word people who have first-hand information produce the document, this document has admissibility, even if the people do not appear in court. According to this rule the computer-generated or computer stored evidence has admissibility if we can prove this computer has the first-hand information. So the one factor which will determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence is determining the first-hand information stored inside on this computer or generated by this computer. Must be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Relevantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“unfairly prejudicialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  As I mentioned before according to the Federal Rules of Evidence Rule 402, relevant evidence is admissible. So the first step to determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence is prove that there is a logical relationship between the evidence and the case. There is a simple example to understand the relevance, when kidnapping case happened, the investigator find there is a threatening e-mail in the mailbox of the family of the victims. The threatening e-mail is clearly associated with the cases. This kind of computer evidence is admissible. If the investigator find some photos of victimsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ family, the photos and the case has no relevance. So this kind of evidence is not admissible. In Minn. R. Evid. 401 another rule of relevant evidence is as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Relevant evidence means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of a fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  So even if relevant, evidence may be unfairly prejudicial. And this kind of evidence is not admissible. This rule also applies in the computer evidence, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“if the computer-generated or computer stored evidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This kind of evidence is unfairly prejudicial. So another factor which will determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence is check the evidence if it is unfairly prejudicial. Must not constitute à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Privilegedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  communication M.S. 595.02, subdivision. 1 competency of witnesses, identifies various communications. For example à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a husband cannot be examined for or against his wife without her consent, nor a wife for or against her husband without his consent, nor can either, during the marriage or afterwards, without the consent of the other, be examined as to any communication made by one to the other during the marriage.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  And M.S 595.02 also provide some other communications like communications between attorney and client, communication between doctor and patient and so on. Because of this factor à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Must not constitute à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Privilegedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  communicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , when we try to determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence we should check if the evidence against this rule. For example litigation between husband and wife, the husband get the digital evidence came from his wifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s co mputer (computer-generated or computer stored evidence) without his wifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consent. This kind of evidence is not admissible. But TJ McIntyre said à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Particularly in family law cases it can be very easy for a litigant to (illegally) access the laptop, webmail or other electronic information of the other side to collect ammunition for use at trial. This presents interesting legal issues as to when such evidence will be admissible, despite the way in which it was obtained.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  According to the Federal Rules of Evidence Rule 402, relevant evidence is admissible. Obviously the evidence is relevance. But on the basis that it was obtained illegally and in breach of the constitutional right to privacy of the respondent. Problem of determine the admissibility of computer evidence Now the factors which will determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Exhibit must be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"aut henticated or identifiedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“does exhibit constitute à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"hearsay or non-hearsayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  ,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ the evidence must be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"relevantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"unfairly prejudicialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the evidence must not constitute à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢privilegedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ communicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The court can according to evidence provided to determine the evidence is relevant or not. The court has formulated a rule against the hearsay rule, protect the probative of computer evidence. But now in the computer-relate evidence area still have big problems of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“authenticationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“privilegedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Authentication Computer-generated or computer stored evidence can be easily modified, destroyed, deleted, and transferred. The reliability of computer evidence always be called into question. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“privilegedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  communication As TJ McIntyre saidbefore à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Particularly in family law cases it can be very easy for a litigant to (illegally) access the laptop, webmail or other electronic information of the other side to collect ammunition for use at trial. This presents interesting legal issues as to when such evidence will be admissible, despite the way in which it was obtained.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  If this kind of evidence is admissible. That means legal encourage people to illegally obtain private information of others. Conclusion Now the authentication of electronic evidence issues to be resolved slowly. So many digital forensics tools be built to do investigation. And now we just need a standard format to describe the digital evidence, use the software to test the difference between the original data and digital evidence and then got the reliability of the evidence. But this method based on the good preservation of the original data. If the original data be changed or destroyed we need a mor e underlying technology to find out the trace of changes. Use the trace of changes as an evidence. About the privileged communication problem. We cannot deny the probative of the computer evidence that has been find. We cannot ignoring some evidence especially the evidence can prove the facts of the crime. But we do not allow someone to use the illegal way to obtain evidence. Because this kind of action violate the personal privacy. Under the premise of not denying the admissibility of digital evidence obtained illegally, we should give the one who obtain the evidence illegally penalties according to law and admit the admissibility of the digital evidence. Q4: What challenges does the growth of electronic discovery present for legal systems? A long time ago, people use paper to create, transmit and storage information. But in the information age the creation, transmission, storage of digital information has generated an exponential increase in number of electronic informati on records. For example people can communicate with each by email, messages, and cellphone it will produce a lot digital information, as a result, the volume of electronically stored information (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ESIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) has increased exponentially over the last decade that are potentially relevant to a legal dispute. The electronic discovery develop very fast. But electronic discovery laws in various countries are still behind. The rapid development of electronic bring a lot of challenges to legal systems. Cost A large amount of information produced by people frequently is costly and time-consuming to identify, preserve and produce what can often amount to thousands or even millions of electronic records. Moreover, the traditional adversarial approach to civil discovery only tends to foster additional delay and motion practice where electronically stored information (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ESIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) is concerned, further contributing to excessive litigation c osts. As mentioned above a large amount of information produced by people. If we do the electronic discovery a lot of information should be discovered, it will cost a lot of money. And electronically stored information (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ESIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) is different from paper document, it often changes over time. Because of the rapid development of the information technology. Many digital information update automatically, they can be overwritten, and transmitted. If do the electronic discovery the high costs and burdens of conducting e-discovery are driven not only by the sheer volume of available ESI, but by its wide dispersal and complexity. For example, e-mail accumulates in prodigious quantities, in part because it can be shared, forwarded, and replicated among many different users. Similarly, a specific electronic document can reside in multiple locations: a hard drive, network server, laptop, blackberry, disaster recovery backup media, etc. In addition, ESI is much more difficult to dispose of than paper records. A shredded paper document is virtually irretrievable, but a deleted computer file can sometimes be recovered, albeit with some difficulty, through forensic methods. The digital revolution also has created new types of evidence not previously presented in litigation, including E-Z pass records, ATM records, and smart cards with embedded data such as Metro cards. We can conclude that the procedures of electronic discovery are on the basis of costs and burdens. ESI costs arise for three reasons: The volume of data can dwarf anything in hard copy. 2Information can be in different media, with costs involved in furnishing it in an accessible form. 3Independent technological assistance may be required. Rules of Order 31 attempt to limit expenses and introduce parity between the parties and take saving costs into consideration. The aim of the new rules is to share the burden of producing in bulk, documents which may or may not be necessary. Sometimes a third party may be appointed by the courts to identify the relevant, in this case, the cost is initially borne by the applicant, but is recoverable as costs in the cause. In my point, its better if the law require parties to share the expenses with reasonable reasons. However, its the duty of the applicant to undertake extra costs if the applicant makes extra requirements on electronic discovery.

War of the Worlds Analysis - 1503 Words

All creation evolves with the idea of survival of the fittest; there is always competition for control in an environment. This idea supports the theory that power is fleeting and that there is nothing in creation that reigns permanently all-powerful. In War of the Worlds H.G. Wells uses title, setting, and irony to convey the theme that when a force stands as the most potent entity in a system, there is always another power to put the other in check. Herbert George Wells was an English writer born on September 21, 1866, in Bromley, Kent, England, and died August 13, 1946, in London, England. He was the youngest of four children of Joseph Wells, a shopkeeper and cricketer, and Sarah Neal, a former domestic servant. He attended Thomas Morley’s Commercial Academy as a child, and was a pupil-teacher at the National School at Wookey and later at Midhurst Grammar School. He studied biology and Darwinian evolution at the Royal College of Science in London. Throughout his educational and professional career Wells developed a passion for expressing his ideas on society, politics, and religion through writing. He is most known for his contributions to the genre of science fiction, most notably The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine, The Invisible Man, and The Island of Doctor Moreau. The title is significant in its literal meaning and application. War of the Worlds literally means an armed conflict between planets. That is exactly what this novel is about, the war that theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of World War II752 Words   |  4 Pages World War II was one of the most widespread and deadliest battles fought. It left 291,557 United States soldiers dead and 670,846 soldiers wounded throughout a period of six years. It took a huge physiological toll on the soldiers, families, and even the people throughout the world. 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Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) Essay - 850 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s program of relief, recovery, and reform that aimed at solving the economic problems created by the Depression of the 1930’s, was referred to as the New Deal. The Great Society was the name given to the domestic program of the U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson. Both programs had similar yet opposing points. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Something had to be done about the banking system disintegration, and the most conservative business leaders were as ready for government intervention as the most advanced radicals (Garraty 765). It was unquestionably Franklin D. Roosevelt who provided the spark that reenergized the American people (Garraty 765).†¦show more content†¦A large minority labeled the New Deal a solid success. â€Å"Considerable recovery had taken place, but more basic was the fact that Roosevelt, recruiting an army of forceful officials to staff the new government agencies, had infused his administration with a spirit of bustle and optimism† (Garraty 769). Although he wasn’t much of an intellectual, his openness to suggestion made him eager to draw on the ideas and energies of experts of all sorts. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The New Deal lacked any consistent ideological base. After 1936, the New Deal was thrown increasingly on the defensive (Stevenson 130). â€Å"The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that much of the New Deal legislation was unconstitutional, and the presidents proposal to enlarge the court to make it more liberal and therefore more amenable to the legislation caused many members of Congress to desert the president† (Stevenson 130). In addition, a severe recession led many people to turn against the New Deal policies. When World War II erupted in September 1939, Roosevelt grew increasingly reluctant to support reforms that might, by antagonizing conservatives in Congress or by alienating any bloc of voters, jeopardize support for his foreign policy (Stevenson 131). No major New Deal was enacted after 1938. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;United States entry into the war provided a temporary solution for many problems that had baffled New Dealers. 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Historical Paintings of the Madonna Essay Example For Students

Historical Paintings of the Madonna Essay The mother of Jesus Christ, Madonna, the most popular woman in the majority of classical art, is typically depicted as a beautiful woman. Her son is Jesus, suggesting that she should be shown as a woman of equal significance. Prior to Parmigianino’s â€Å"Madonna of the Long Neck,† artistic works with Mary as one of the central figures is meant to honor her. Child. E. H. Gombrich points out that Parmigianino’s distorted representation of the woman could be seen as offensive due to the fact that is deviates so deeply away from the traditional, sophisticated, and sacred ideas of the Madonna. I understand why people may consider this piece offensive, but that is hardly ever the intention of art. I do not believe that this painting should be viewed at offensive because of Parmigianino’s distinct techniques and intentions. Mannerism is an incredibly prominent style seen in countless Italian Renaissance pieces as well as some early Baroque art. The definition should not be confused with gestures in common speech. Artistic mannerism has an entirely different purpose and connotation. A painting with clear distortions, such as elongations and obvious imbalances, is likely a Mannerist painting. Parmigianino’s Madonna is one of the most apparent examples of Mannerism, even carrying through to the title of the piece. Mary and Jesus are the central most figures, therefore they display the greatest amount of Mannerism. The most prominent distortion is Mary’s unusually long neck, and the rest of her body is also incredibly disproportionate. Her head is extremely small for her figure, as her hips are quite wide-set, and her hands are skeleton-like, also appearing to be much too large in comparison to her arms. The woman is essentially the shape of a pear. Mary is not the only distorted figure in this piece, though. It is not unusual for the baby Jesus to be depicted as much larger than the average infant in classical art, but the way that Jesus is shown by Parmigianino is, by far, one of the most peculiar. Michelangelo’s â€Å"Pieta† displays a similar shape to Jesus as shown in â€Å"Madonna of the Long Neck,† with his left arm appearing to be almost dislocated in a way, draping over Mary, as well as looking a bit like a corpse set upon his mother. The â€Å"Pieta† also depicts a Jesus that has already died, but the Jesus depicted by Parmigianino, strangely enough, appears to be in a position similar to that of the cross. This piece is clearly not traditional in the sense of technique, but I do not believe that â€Å"traditional† was Parmigianino’s intention. It can be said that the elongation of the figures is a dramatic interpretation of their elegance and importance, or maybe the elongation is a representation of reaching for the heavens. With the shifting and progression of artistic eras, tradition slowly becomes a thing of the past with every movement. One thing I can determine is that Parmigianino intended for this painting to be like that of any other Madonna – honorable. Modern and Post-Modern artists introduced the concept of risky and potentially offensive art, not those in the Italian Renaissance. With the influence of Mannerism and Naturalism, the prevalence of idealism in Renaissance and Baroque art is so clear that it does not make sense to take offence to any pieces from this time.

The Scripture Of The Correct Essay Example For Students

The Scripture Of The Correct Essay Greetings acolyte. You shall recognize Our writings as undeniable Truth, for We are The Correct. That is Our Doctrine. While fools squander their time reminiscing about times long past and idols of another day, We carefully and precisely measure the worth of our Gods, and thereby ensure the continuation of Correctness. This document contains the foundation of Our right, and is a guide to attaining redemption in the eyes of Our Masters. Read it well, for without it you shall surely be lost and damned. The Correcttheir dwelling with false hopes of salvation, unaware of the Truth that exists; surrounding them; contained within them; and yet, unbeknowest to them. Only We know, for We are The We are The Correct. That is Our Doctrine. The unsuspecting masses have gathered in Correct. There are others who are partially Correct, however they do not know it. In the past, We have made attempts to guide the Incorrect among us, but it was a fruitless exercise. They either refused or were unable to create a distinction between Truth and Not. Through your training, you have come to learn segments of Truth, but have not been exposed to the grand majesty of The Way. The Correct have been promised infinite authority over what is; and as We have Our Masters, We are Masters of others; this they do not know. We will write a custom essay on The Scripture Of The Correct specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Correct also have the privilege of being protected from the Not, as well as having the capacity to revert Not to Truth; this occurs in its due time. The secular term holy could be used to describe Our state of being, however such a term is too limited and undefined to explain such a state. This shall all be explained to you shortly. Suffice it to say that to be an Incorrect among The Correct is similar to being an ape among humans; inferior in belief and practice, but capable of inflicting damage if the latter is caught off-guard. That shall not ever happen, for We are as vigilant as moss on a stone wall; surveying the landscape, listening for corruption, and creeping forward slowly but steadily. We are unwavering and unstoppable. We are The Correct. Certain animal species are Correct as well, but they have not any power to help Us. They merely work to convince the other creatures of The Earth. We know that this will be futile in the end. Some of these enlightened species include dolphins, snails, and turtles. The IncorrectMost of humanity, as well as most animal species, are totally Incorrect. They do not understand anything, nor do they live as they should. Some might say that it is not their fault; that they are merely ignorant and unenlightened. This is irrelevant. Some of the false beliefs that fall into the category of Incorrectness include religion and philosophy. Such Wrong opinions will be eliminated in Our time of Glory, but that shall not come to pass for many centuries yet. Ingreaem said once that:Those who are foolish enough to renounce reality are doomed to be destroyed by it. As a mortal can be consumed by his own ignorance of hissurroundings, so can a God. Thus, it is imperative to cleanse ourselves of allmistruth.for it will destroy us.in time.11 This is an excerpt from the Rajjag di Siddal, a tome located in Alexandria. It represents an an ancient priests doctrine concerning the tapestry of reality. It is believed to have been written in 1082 B.C.E. These words are sacred to Us, and must be revered as much as any other collection of Truths. For centuries, the Incorrect and the Wrong have tried to thwart Us. Using tools such as lies and propaganda to mislead the foolish, they have attempted repeatedly to turn all of humanity to the ways of The Untruth. Sometimes, they are so devious that they will actually use truth itself to stop us. These miscreants will tell a group of ignorant peasants an actual Truth, and use its power over them for the purposes of manipulation for the ultimate goal of the destruction of Truth. These are demons, and must be stopped. They are the most evil and sinister of The Incorrect; they know of

Hamlet Act I, Scene Iii Analysis Essays

Hamlet Act I, Scene Iii Analysis Essays Hamlet Act I, Scene Iii Analysis Paper Hamlet Act I, Scene Iii Analysis Paper Esteban Pitre 8/27/11 ENC 1102 Literary Analysis: Hamlet Act I, Scene III Lines 55-80 In my attempt to read a small portion of William Shakespeare’s Hamlet I found myself perplexed. Laertes, the son of Polonius, is about to leave for France but warns his sister Ophelia to beware of Hamlet, the prince of Denmark. He fears that Hamlet may compromise her sexually and dishonor her. Ophelia harkens under her brother’s voice but mocks him and instructs him to practice what he preaches. Polonius, the king of Denmark’s counselor, says his goodbyes to his son along with fatherly advice on how to conduct himself. Polonius is coaching Laertes on how to â€Å"act†, how to â€Å"seem†, and how to â€Å"show† himself publicly. As Laertes takes his leave Polonius also warns Ophelia against Hamlet. He believes that Hamlet’s interest in Ophelia is purely sexual, and bluntly orders her to have nothing more to do with him. Ophelia humbly promises to obey. Polonius’ exclaims to Laertes in line 61-67: â€Å"Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar. Those friends thou hast, and their adoption tried, grapple them unto thy soul with hoops of steel, but do not dull thy palm with entertainment of each new-hatched, unfledged courage. Beware of entrance to a quarrel, but being in, Bear ‘t that th’ opposed may beware of thee. † Polonius lectures Laertes to hold his tongue and to hold his friends close to him, but not to take them for granted. : Furthermore, Laertes is told to beware of any fights with any one, and that no one should even dare to oppose him. Polonius’ final instruction to Laertes in lines 77-79, â€Å"This above all: to thine own self be true, and it must follow, as the night the day, thou canst not then be false to any man. † Laertes is lastly told to be true to himself always (night and day). Most of what Polonius tells his son relates to etiquette, rather than ethical up until the last 3 lines. This worldly counsel includes thrift, moderation, prudence and so forth.

The founding of the UN during the Second World War shows that the UN Essay

The founding of the UN during the Second World War shows that the UN can meet international challenges in the way that the Leagu - Essay Example That way, if a country decides to make genocide legal, the international community can impose trade restrictions, embargos, and other measures in order to weaken that country’s ability to carry out its plans. In addition, an international government makes possible the use of a widespread alliance in military actions against a country such as Germany in World War II. However, the League of Nations proved incapable of preventing the aggressive military actions of Germany in the years leading up to the Second World War, which created the need for the United Nations, which is more structurally able than its predecessor to handle such international challenges. The intergovernmental League of Nations was formed in 1919 at the Treaty of Versailles immediately after the First World War, tasked with the responsibility of preventing another such war and maintaining world peace. It planned to do so through disarmament, serving as an international arbiter of disputes, and by enforcing law s related to prisoners of war, the arms trade, and global health (League of Nations). The countries of the world readily approved of the idea of the League, noting that the Great Powers of the world needed to take increased responsibility in ensuring the global security of the world. The Great Powers began to realize that eventually, in a conflict between countries, they would have to become involved (Walters). Because the League of Nation had no standing army of its own, it relied on the Great Powers for its security measures. The resolutions that the League drafted were to be enforced by the larger armies of the world and, thus, the League relied on the active and full participation of each of its members (League of Nations). However, many armies were hesitant to fully engage those resolutions for a number of reasons. In some cases, the League would draft a resolution against an economic partner or long-time ally of one of the Great Powers. For example, during the conflict between Italy and Ethiopia in the mid-1930s, the League called resolutions against Italy. Few countries complied, due to Italy’s status in the world as an economic and political ally. Italy itself mocked the resolutions, which damaged the public image of the League as the world’s policing agency (Jahanpour). These kinds of acts undermined the effectiveness of the organization not only to carry out its intergovernmental security role, but also to serve as an effective arbiter between states. Once countries did not respect the authority of the League, they did not respect its ability to effectively bring about conclusions to those conflicts. The greatest failure of the League came in the late 1930s with Germany’s non-compliance. Starting with a complaint from a Jewish German about rights violations based on religion, sanctions from the League on Germany resulted (Shoah Resource Center). These resolutions banned racist laws. Because one of the stated goals of the League w as to protect minorities in Europe, the organization lived up to its mission (Walters). However, in 1937, Hitler-led Germany refused to recognize itself as part of the League and continued enforcement of laws against Jews. The failure of the League in this instance was constituted by the assumption that the Great Po

Employment and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Employment and Society - Essay Example d). Alienation, lack of job security and emotions are the major factors which increases stress at workplace. Competition is really tough currently in the business world and both the managers and the workers are under tremendous pressure to meet the targets and the deadlines. Thus managers are forced to adopt aggression at workplace in order to derive maximum out of the employees which will increase the stress levels of both the employees and the managers. It is difficult for a manager to adopt democratic style of functioning always and the instructions from the top forced them to share some of the stress they are getting from the top to the workers as well and this may often happen in the form of aggression. Lack of job security is another cause for the increased stress at workplace. The current global recession has broken the backbones of many organizations and the employers forced to cut down the employees and their salaries. Insecurity in employment is always a worrying factor for the employees which may increase their stress level. The living standards are changing rapidly and it is difficult for the people to find their livelihood even with the help of a good job. Under such circumstances, insecurity of jobs always creates panic among the employees. Emotions are the third factor which may increase the job stress. For example, most of the people are struggling to find enough time for fulfilling their family and social commitments because of the increased responsibilities at the workplace. Many working people are often complaining that they are not getting enough time to spend with their family. Moreover, leisure time for enjoyment and relaxation are also less because of the increased responsibilities at the workplace. Thus the employees forced to work like machines at the workplace hiding or suppressing all their emotions which increases their stress level immensely. â€Å"Flexibility is about an employee and an employer making changes to when,

South Street Seaport Essay Example for Free

South Street Seaport Essay 1. Coffee Beans are crushed into small pieces, water is added to it and the mixture is heated over a flame. What do you think would happen to the coffee beans as it interacts with the water? Explain your prediction I think the heating of the water and coffee beans would cause the water to turn a light brown color because this process is most likely removing some kind of excess substance from the surface of the coffee beans. This happens because of the rising temperature o the mixture being heated over a flame. 2. What would happen to the water if instead of coffee beans, strips o seaweed were used? Explain your prediction. I think that instead of the liquid turning a light brown color, it would turn to a light green or light yellow color because the heating is removing a different substance off of the surface of the seaweed than it is from the surface of the coffee beans. 3. Define the following terms: Decant to draw off (a liquid) without disturbing the sediment or the lower liquid layers Filtrate fluid that has passed through a filter Extract the part of a complex organic material that is soluble in ether and consists chiefly of fats and fatty acids Precipitate a substance separated from a solution or suspension by chemical or physical change usually as an insoluble amorphous or crystalline solid Tincture a solution of a medicinal substance in an alcoholic solvent Observations : Equipment : Dried Seaweed in  ½ pieces (Laminara Kelp)Bunsen Burner 150 ml beakerMedium Ring for Ringstand Weight scaleMatches Distilled waterWire gauze 50 ml cylinderEvaporating dish FunnelFilter Paper RingstandWash Bottle Glass stirring rodTincture of Iodine Mineral OilSilver Nitrate Iodine CrystalsSmall Test tubes The first thing we had to do was fill a 150 ml beaker with 6 grams of dried seaweed, which we had to approximate on a weight scale. The amount of seaweed we used approximated 6.02 grams. Then, we included some distilled water and stirred the mixture with a stirring rod until the water turned a dirty yellow color. We then poured out only the water from the beaker and refilled it with distilled water. Then, we had to set up the Bunsen burner to a smaller flame to heat the mixture gently. While heating, the water in the mixture turned a dark green. We heated the mixture for approximately 5 minutes. Then, we had to filtrate the mixture. We placed a piece of filter paper onto the inside of the funnel, having it stick to the side by squirting some water from the wash bottle. We set this up over an evaporating dish, in which the filtrate is supposed to fall into. Our filtrate came out to be 3ml, and the color was a pale yellow-green. We put this into a 50 ml beaker and placed three pieces of iodine crystals in. We crushed these crystals in with the mixture with a stirring rod. Then, it was time to test the results. In three test tubes, we poured in one third of our home-made mixture in each test tube. In another three test tubes, we poured in the standard Tincture of Iodine, which contains iodine, iodide ion, and triiodide ion. To test for iodine, we placed 20 drops of mineral oil in one of the test tubes of standard tincture and we also placed 20 drops into our homemade tincture. If there is in fact iodine, the mixture should change into a pink or purple color. To test for iodide ion, we placed 20 drops of 0.1 silver nitrate into the standard tincture and 20 drops of 0.1 silver nitrate into our homemade tincture. If there is in fact iodide ion, the mixture should become a very foggy pale yellow color. The test for triiodide was a visual inspection. In minutes, if the mixture will turn into a brown color, then triiodide exists in the mixture. Tabulated Results : Test for .. Standard Tincture of Iodine Homemade Tincture Iodine Positive Positive Iodide ion Positive Positive Triiodide Positive Poisitive Focus Questions 1. How can I make a pharmaceutical product from seaweed? We can produce a pharmaceutical product from seaweed by creating a mixture with seaweed in water, heating the extract from the mixture of seaweed and water, then finally extracting the product from the water. 2. Can a single substance be isolated from a mixture (i.e. seaweed)? What is that substance? Yes, by the process o extraction, filtration, and evaporation. The substance is tincture of iodide, used to clean and infect wounds. Confidence Report I am confident that the data collected in this lab is â€Å"good data†. This was quite a simple lab with not many steps and no complex material samples and few containers required. Because this lab was not very complex, that means there is a very low possibility of mistakes. It also means there is a very low possibility of outside elements affecting the equipment. Samples: We believe that the samples provided by the laboratory such as the seaweed, iodine, silver nitrate, and mineral oil were clean and untouched. We observed the characteristics of the mixture we prepared and observed through testing and concurred that nothing indicated that bad samples were provided. Our testing samples also provided us proper chemical interactions. Measurements: All measurements were made certain by everyone in the group. This helped to ensure accuracy. Observations: Since we also tested control substances along with testing our mixture, we were able to observe what the proper results should look like. Therefore, there should be no mistakes from the observations from testing our homemade mixture. After reviewing  at the possible potential areas for error, I am confident that we had good data and produced good results.

The Tragedy of Mileva Maric Einstein - Einsteins First Wife Essay exa

The Tragedy of Mileva Maric Einstein - Einstein's First Wife A hundred years ago, a young married couple sat at a kitchen table talking over the items of the day while their young boy sat listening earnestly. He had heard the debate every night, and while there were no raised voices, their discussion was intense. It was a subject about which his parents were most passionate - the electrodynamics of moving bodies in the universe. The couple were of equal intelligence and fortitude, working together on a theory that few people can comprehend even to this day. Mileva Maric Einstein was considered to be the intellectual equal of her husband Albert, but somehow went unrecognized for her contributions to the 1905 Papers, which included the Special Theory of Relativity. The stronger force of these two bodies would be propelled into the archives of scientific history, while the other would be left to die alone, virtually unknown. Mrs. Einstein was robbed. She deserved to be recognized for at least a collaborative effort, but it was not to be. The role which society had accorded her and plain, bad luck would prove to be responsible for the life of this great mathematician and scientist, gone unnoticed. Mileva "was born in Hungary in 1875, with a hip deformity and a good mind" (Storey 31). Although women did not usually pursue science degrees, she had won top marks in her class for math and physics, and was sent on to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich the same year as Einstein (Grenier B05). She was one of five in their class; Mileva and Albert both specialized in theoretical physics. Mileva attended classes and took notes for both of them. They studied for every class together. When they were apart, they wrote co... ...he Women's Rights Movement. http://legacy98.org/timeline.htmI2002. Pearson, Dan. Mrs. Einstein Takes the Stage. Science Review. 7 Nov. 2002. http://archives.pioneerlocal.com Same, William. A Beautiful Body. The Moscow Times. 29 March 2002. Sherman, Roger. Modem Physics Department, Smithsonian Institute. Personal interview.6 Nov. 2003. Specter, Michael. Know Einstein. The New Yorker. 25 Nov. 2002. Talk Section; 37. Storey, Celia. Einstein's Wife Depicts Genius as Mortal. Arkansas Democrat-Gazette 21 Oct. 2003. Sec: Style;31. University of Alabama, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 4,000 Years of Women in Science. Dec. 2002 2 Nov. 2003 http://crux.astr.ua.edu/4000WS/newintro.html. White, Michael and Gribbin, John. Einstein: A Life in Science. Amazon.com: Editorial Review: Kirkus Review. 30 Oct. 2003 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos.

The Holy Quran

The Holy Quran is divided into 30 parts, each one is called â€Å"Seepara†. It has 114 sections or chapters which are called â€Å"Surahs†. Each Chapter of unequal length, consists of individual â€Å"Ayat† or verses. These verses are not decided by human beings, but dictated by God. There are in total 6,666 verses in the Holy Quran. Surah al Baqarah (Ch.2 ) is the longest Chapter comprising 287 verses while Surah al Kauthar( Ch. 108) is the shortest with only four verses including the tasmia. Out of the 114 Surahs, 85 Surahs were revealed in Mecca while 29 Surahs were revealed in Madinah.? Introduction of Surah Al Fatiha: Surah al-Fatiha is the first chapter of the Quran. The word â€Å"Fatiha† comes from the verb â€Å"Fataha† which means â€Å"to open†. â€Å"Al† is a defined article and Fatiha means the opening Surah.It consists of 7 verses, 29 words and 139 letters. It belongs to Juz? 1.There are various names of Surah Al Fatiha such as Umm al-Qur'an, the Mother of the Qur'an, and Umm al-Kitab, the Mother of the Book because the meaning of the entire Qur'an is summarised therein. It is also named Sab'ulMathani, (the Seven Often Repeated Verses), Al-Hamd, (the Praise), Al-Shifa (The Cure) and ArRuqya, the Spiritual Cure. Its recitation is a condition for the effectiveness of the prayer.It is mecci surah and It was initially the 5th chapter to be disclosed but after Furqan e Hameed was assembled together, it was put at the beginning. Al-Fatiha itself means â€Å"The Opening† as this chapter comes right at the start of the Holy Book and serves as a Gateway to read Quran Majeed further. Theme of Surah: The Surah is prayer to Almighty Allah for guidance from bad deeds and to guide us to the straight path, the path of authentic and true muslims which only Allah can grant us. Allah is the most magnificent and bountiful He alone should be asked for help and He has bestowed countless favours on His creation. He is supreme justice and everybody will have to answer Him of their every good or bad deed on the Day of Judgment. Supplication is the core to worship and The Holy Quran encourages the believers for petitioning. â€Å"And your Lord said, Invoke me, I will respond to your supplications. Allah always protect His creation from going on the path of evils.? Virtues of Surah Al Fatiha: †¢ It is a Pillar of Salah;This Surah is very important because without its recitation of prayers become invalid. †¢ The greatness of this Surah is described in the following Hadith;†Do you want me to teach you a Surah the like of which has not been revealed in the Torah, the Injeel, the Zabur, nor the Quran?†, and also asked what He recited in His prayers. He replied Umm-ul-Quran (Surah Fatiha) the Prophet (PBUH) proclaimed, ‘By Him in Whose dominion my soul is, nothing like it has been revealed in the Torah, the Gospel, the Psalms, or the Quran and it is seven of the oft-repeated verses in the Mighty Quran which I have been given.† (Tirmidhi) †¢ It is Cure of diseases and cure for Heart;†You (Oh Allah) we worship and from you do we seek help†. (Ibn Qayim). †¢ Hazrat Abu Saeed al-Khudri narrates;†While on a journey we halted at a place. A girl came to us and said: â€Å"The chief of this tribe has been stung by a scorpion and our men are not present, is there anybody amongst you who can recite something upon him to treat him?† Then, one of our men went along with her although we did not think that he knew any such treatment. However, our friend went to the chief and recited something upon him and the chief was cured. Thereupon, the chief gave him thirty sheep and gave us all milk to drink. When he returned, we asked our friend: â€Å"Did you know anything to recite upon him to cure him?† He said: â€Å"No, I only recited Umm al-Kitab (i.e. Surah al-Fatiha) upon him.† We said that do not do anything until we reach Madinah and ask the Prophet regarding this (practice and rewardwhether the sheep were lawful or not for us). Upon reaching Madinah, we narrated this to the Prophet (PBUH), whereupon he remarked: â€Å"How did he come to know that Al-Fatiha can be used as a cure? (PBUH) Distribute your reward amongst yourselves and a lot a share for me as well†.† (Sahih Bukhari).†¢ Light sent from heaven;An Angel addressed the Prophet (SAW) saying,†Rejoice in two lights brought to you which have not been brought to any prophet before you, Al-Fatiha and the last verses of Al- Baqarah†. Ibn ‘Abbas narrated:†While Jibril was with the Messenger of Allah, he heard a noise from above. Jibril lifted his sight to the sky and said: â€Å"This is a door in the Heavens being opened, and it has never been opened before now.† An Angel descended from that door and came to the Prophet and said: â€Å"Receive the glad tidings of two lights that you have been given, which no other Prophet before you was given: the Opening of the Book (Al Fatiha) and the last verses of ‘al-Baqarah. ‘ You will not read a letter of them except that you will gain its benefit.† (Sahih Muslim).B. Tafseer of Surah Al Fatiha The Verses of the Surah areâ€Å"In The Name of Allah, The Beneficent, The Merciful.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"(All) praise is (only) Allah's, the Lord of the Worlds.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Beneficent, The Merciful.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Master of the Day of Judgement.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Thee (alone) do we worship and of Thee (only) do we seek help.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Guide us (O' Lord) on the Straight Path.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"The path of those upon whom Thou hast bestowed Thy bounties, not (the path) of those inflicted with Thy wrath, nor (of those) gone astray.â€Å"In The Name Of ALLAH:The first ayah of Surah Fatiha is: In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Most Merciful. (Al-Fatiha: 1) This phrase is known as the bismillah. It is good to recite it before doing any action. The meaning of letter Baa:The Baa in the Arabic language can have three different meanings:With – With / In th e name of AllahSeeking help – Seeking help of the name of AllahSeeking blessing – Seeking blessing with the name of AllahThe meaning of Al Rehman and Al Raheem:Both these names are derived from the same root letters: raa, haa, meem; which means to have mercy. They are thus similar in meaning and both are connected to Allah's (SWT) Mercy.The fact that Allah (SWT) mentions two of His Names which have to do with Mercy, rather than Might and Power or so on, shows just how important this Attribute is. The difference between al-Rahman and al-Raheem is that al-Rahman refers to Allah's (SWT) Mercy to all of creation. It is His Mercy which is extended to both believers and disbelievers; animals, and everything that exists. He says in the Qur'an: My Mercy encompasses all things. (Al-A'raf: 156) Al-Rahman therefore indicates the extreme vastness of Allah's (SWT) Mercy. It is mentioned in a hadith that Allah (SWT) divided Mercy into 100 parts and sent down only one part to this dunya. It is from this one part of His Mercy that animals show mercy to their offspring (Sahih Muslim).Al-Raheem refers to Allah's (SWT) Mercy which is specific for the believers. He says in the Qur'an: And He is Full of Mercy to the Believers. (al-Ahzab: 43) al-Raheem therefore indicates the doing of an action.All praise is due to ALLAH:The second ayah is: All praise be to Allah, the Lord of all the worlds. (Al-Fatiha: 2) The Meaning of Hamd and the Difference between Hamd and Shukr Hamd means praise and also thankfulness. The scholars differed as to the relation between the words hamd and shukr. Some said that they both have the same meaning. So, the meaning of hamd, in their view, is the same as shukr (thankfulness, gratitude). Hamd is something which must be done with love and reverence, but shukr does not need this. Shukr is done in response to a favour which is done to a person but hamd is done simply because the one being praised and thanked is worthy of that.The meaning of Rabb:Rabb is usually translated as Lord but it is much more encompassing than that. It also includes the meaning of Nurturer, Sustainer, Cherisher and so on. The Rabb is the creator, king, master and the one who controls everything. It comes from the root letters raa, baa, baa: which means to have mastery and control over something.The Beneficent and Most Merciful:The explanation of these two names has already been given. Why then is it repeated? This is to once again emphasis the importance of the quality of mercy. Also, when something is repeated in the Qur'an, then you should look at the ayah before it and after it, to see how they are related. In this case, the previous ayah mentioned that Allah (SWT) is the Rabb of all the worlds. So, His repeating the words, al-Rahman al-Raheem after that, shows us that His being the Rabb – His taking of and sustaining and providing for us – is all part of His Mercy towards us. Master of Day of Judgement:God is the Lord of the Day when all generations of mankind gather together on order to render an account of their conduct, and when each person will be finally rewarded or punished for his deeds. The description of God as Lord of the Day of Judgement following the mention of his benevolence and compassion indicates that we ought to remember another aspect of God as well-namely, that He will judge us all, that He is so absolutely powerful, that on the Day of Judgement no one will have the power either to resist the enforcement of punishments that He decrees or to prevent anyone from receiving the rewards that He decides to confer. Hence, we ought not only to love Him for nourishing and sustaining us and for His compassion and mercy towards us, but should also hold Him in awe because of His justice, and should not forget that our ultimate happiness or misery rests completely with Him.Guides us on the Straight path:This ayah is a dua which we make to Allah (SWT). We ask Him to show us the Straight Path and to guide us on it, so that we will get His Guidance which draws us closer and nearer to Him. We need to struggle towards Allah (SWT) by doing good deeds and by staying away from all bad deeds which will distance us from Him.The meaning of Siraat and mustaqeem:Siraat is a road or path. The conditions are that it must be straight. It must reach the goal and it must be the shortest route to get there. It must also be wide and spacious enough for everyone who wants to travel it.Mustaqeem is derived from istaqaama, which means to be straight, upright, correct. We already said that for a road to be a sirat it must be straight, so this adjective of mustaqeem again emphasis the straightness of this Path. Another meaning of mustaqeem is to remain firm or to stand firm without tilting. For example, a tree that is firmly grounded when the wind blows it is not affected by it. So, the Straight Path is a path on which people are firmly grounded.The Path of Those:The path of those you have blessed, not of those with anger on them, nor of those who are astray. (Al-Fatiha: 7) Who are the people who have been blessed by Allah (SWT) and whose Path we ask to guide to? This is explained by Allah (SWT) in another ayah where He says: Whosoever obeys Allah, and the Messenger, they are with those whom Allah has favored, the Prophets, the sincere, the martyrs and the righteous, and these are the best company. (Al-Nisa': 69) So, the favored and blessed people are the Prophets, the righteous, the martyrs and the pious. And who are the people with anger on them and those who are astray? This is explained by the Prophet. ‘Adi ibn Hatim (RA) asked him about those with anger on them and he replied that it refers to the Jews. He then asked him about those who are astray and he replied that it refers to the Christians. This is reported by al-Tirmidhi and is authentic.C. Impact of Surah Al-Fatiha on the life of a Muslim as servant of Allah.We start all our deeds with the name of Allah Almighty. Since he is the most merciful and beneficent.We should ask Allah Almighty for his mercy and benefits.So a believer becomes solely dependent of Allah Almighty and does not seek help or refuge from anybody else.We should praise Allah Almighty for he is our creator and of the universe. So a believer praises Allah Almighty since he is the creator of everything.Since Allah Almighty is the master of the Day of Judgment so a believer asks Allah Almighty for forgiveness.A Believer asks Allah Almighty to put him on the path of pious people and help be among the ones who were rewarded and not the ones who went astray.

The Yellow Turban Rebellion in China

The people of Han China reeled under a crushing tax load, famine, and floods, while at court, a group of corrupt eunuchs wielded power over the decadent and hapless Emperor Ling.  Chinas government demanded ever more taxes from the peasantry to fund fortifications along the Silk Road, and also to build sections of the Great Wall of China in order to fend off nomads from the Central Asian steppes. As natural and barbarian disasters plagued the land, the followers of a Taoist sect led by Zhang Jue decided that the Han Dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven.  The only cure for Chinas ills was a rebellion and the establishment of a new imperial dynasty.  The rebels wore yellow scarves wrapped around their heads - and the Yellow Turban Rebellion was born. The Origins of the Yellow Turban Rebellion Zhang Jue was a healer and some said a magician.  He spread his messianic religious ideas through his patients; many of them were poor farmers who received free treatments from the charismatic doctor. Zhang used magical amulets, chanting, and other practices derived from Taoism in his cures. He preached that in the year 184 CE, a new historical era would begin known as the Great Peace. By the time the rebellion broke out in 184, Zhang Jues sect had 360,000 armed followers, mostly from the peasantry but also including some local officials and scholars.   Before Zhang could set his plan into motion, however, one of his disciples went to the Han capital at Luoyang and revealed the plot to overthrow the government. Everyone in the city identified as a Yellow Turban sympathizer was executed, more than 1,000 of Zhangs followers, and court officials marched out to arrest Zhang Jue and his two brothers. Hearing the news, Zhang ordered his followers to start the uprising immediately. An Eventful Uprising Yellow Turban factions in eight different provinces rose up and attacked government offices and garrisons. Government officials ran for their lives; the rebels destroyed towns and seized armories.  The imperial army was too small and incompetent to deal with the wide-spread threat posed by the Yellow Turban Rebellion, so local warlords in the provinces built their own armies to put down the rebels.  At some point during the ninth month of the year 184, Zhang Jue died while leading the defenders of the besieged city of Guangzhong.  He likely died of disease; his two younger brothers died in battle with the imperial army later that year. Despite the early deaths of their top leaders, smaller groups of the Yellow Turbans continued to fight for another twenty years, whether motivated by religious fervor or simple banditry. The most important consequence of this on-going popular rebellion was that it exposed the weakness of the central government and led to the growth of warlordism in different provinces around China.  The rise of warlords would contribute to the coming civil war, the dissolution of the Han Empire, and the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period.   In fact, General Cao Cao, who went on to found the Wei Dynasty, and Sun Jian, whose military success paved the way for his son to found the Wu Dynasty, both gained their first military experience fighting against the Yellow Turbans. In a sense, then the Yellow Turban Rebellion spawned two of the three kingdoms.  The Yellow Turbans also allied themselves with another group of major players in the downfall of the Han Dynasty - the Xiongnu. Finally, the Yellow Turban rebels have served as role models for Chinese anti-government movements through the ages, including the Boxer Rebels of 1899-1900 and the modern-day Falun Gong movement.