Procurement Methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Acquisition Methods - Assignment Example In this venture, the development acquirement strategies that will be discussed are the novated structure and fabricate techniques, quickened customary techniques and the development the board approach. Development organization is as acquirement course in which the works are worked by different distinctive foremen. These manufacturers are contracted to the client yet managed by an advancement chief. The development chief goes about as a master for the client, controlling and encouraging the working agreements. The improvement head is all around chose in front of plan for the diagram change so their experience can be used to upgrade the create limit and packaging of recommendations as they manufacture. This can engage some trade foremen to be designated sooner than others, potentially shortening the time taken to complete the obligation allocated. On the other hand, there will be the worth insecurity until the arrangement is done and the sum total of what understanding has been let. Quickened conventional strategy is where a manufacturer is chosen earlier in the game plan of structure on the reason of partial information, either by exchange or in rivalry. Course of action, from the reason of the beginning, inadequate information, happens once the last diagram information gets the chance to be available. Improvement starts when the framework is made to the last stage (Bennett, 1990). While this allows an early start on the spot, it furthermore includes less feeling about cost. In Accelerated customary technique, some diagram covers improvement. It is practiced by letting an alternate, advance works contract. For example, by allowing establishments (site space, loading and foundations) to keep on building once masterminding assent has been gotten remembering the plan for whatever remaining parts of the structure is done, and by offering over the ground advancement freely. This reduces the total

Finding Perfect College Essay Samples

Finding Perfect College Essay SamplesWhen you're looking for perfect college essay samples, there are a lot of sources. Some of them are readily available at your local college bookstore. Many of the others are more difficult to find. This is because they aren't available in your area.But that shouldn't keep you from trying to find great essay samples online. There are actually a few methods you can use to find these online. Some of them are very convenient, and some aren't. It all depends on how much time you have. The advantage of doing some research online is that you'll be able to find the ideal essays.If you're someone who is good with words, then you should use a web search to find the best essays online. Using this method is fairly simple. All you have to do is fill out a short form and then click a button.But if you have the patience and the extra effort, then you might want to check out some college books and reference materials. These sources are definitely better than web searches. You'll find that they're much easier to get your hands on. Plus, they often offer a much wider selection of essays.Books are great because they usually include a number of essay samples that you can examine. This allows you to narrow down your search a bit to only find the ones that you like.But you should know that you'll need to keep your own unique research in mind. Even though you're using a book review for a source, you should still spend some time evaluating how the piece sounds.Make sure you have access to some basic information before you invest in any essay, including spelling, grammar, and tone. Look for tips to make your own essay sound even better. The best ones are the ones that contain just the right combination of resources.Do a web search for essay samples, or a bookstore visit, but make sure that you don't forget the information that's important to you. If you're already familiar with the topic, you should go back and check out other resources as well.

Edwin Blacks War Against the Weak: Eugenics and Americas Campaign to Create a Master Race :: Edwin Black Eugenics Master Race Essays

Edwin Black's War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race To the normal American it appears to be incomprehensible that US based examination into the logical practice of selective breeding could have been the establishment and driving force for Hitler's Nazi annihilation and barbarities. What's more, ideas of racial predominance and the logical mission for the improvement of an unadulterated Aryan country, both by the United States and remote nations, especially Germany, were supported and filled by monies from such conspicuous families as the Rockefellers, Carnegies and Harriman's. In his book, War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race, writer Edwin Black follows the historical backdrop of the American genetic counseling development, its impact on the ascent to intensity of the Third Reich, and how it was the establishment for the improvement of logical bigotry. Thus, Black feelings of trepidation that however selective breeding as in we review from the past is gone in name, the future despite everything presents eugenic-like research under the appearance of human hereditary science, which indeed is upheld by corporate financing whose objectives are more for money related increase and globalization, instead of to help humankind. The starting points of eugenic belief system can be followed to the mid-nineteenth century when English rationalist, Herbert Spencer authored the expression natural selection. Those solid and fittest would normally ascend to the top, to support society. Spencer, alongside other driving researchers like Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel upheld the standards of the improvement of mankind dependent on this predominance rationale; supporting their discoveries through the consolidated uses of science and arithmetic. In 1865, analyst Francis J. Galton proposed that heredity not just transmitted physical highlights, for example, hair shading and stature, however mental, enthusiastic and innovative characteristics too, thus new speculations were conceived. (Page: 15). These qualities were more than fortuitous and Galton set about ordering and sorting a great many individuals dependent on his speculation that adverse innate existed, and that awful attributes would out gauge the great and thus, individuals would winding naturally descending. In this manner the expression genetic counseling was used as the investigation of all offices under social control which can improve or impede the racial nature of people in the future. (Page: 18). Utilizing the standards explained by Galton and through Mendel's exploration parents in law of passive and prevailing attributes found in plant rearing, American specialists entered this new logical field.

Digital Evidence Admissibility - Free Essay Example

Law Examination Q3: Outline and discuss the factors which will determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence Answers: Admissible Evidence Before determine the admissibility of the computer-generated or computer stored evidence, we should know an evidence of what conditions are needed to meet is an admissible evidence. Gerald and Kathleen Hillgave us a definition of admissible evidence: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  evidence which the trial judge finds is useful in helping the trier of fact (a jury if there is a jury, otherwise the judge), and which cannot be objected to on the basis that it is irrelevant, immaterial, or violates the rules against hearsay and other objections. Sometimes the evidence which a person tries to introduce has little relevant value (usually called probative value) in determining some fact, or prejudice from the jurys shock at gory details may outweigh that probative value. In criminal cases the courts tend to be more restrictive on letting the jury hear such details for fear they will result in undue prejudice. Thus, the jury may only hear a sanitized version of the facts in prosecutions involving violence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  So as the Gerald and Kathleen Hill said all of the evidence must be related the case and must be competent. This kind of evidence will have the admissibility. In the definition of the admissible evidence, they did not mention the format of the evidence. That means the admissibility of computer-generated and computer stored evidence should be considered if the digital evidence is related the case and the digital evidence with high reliability. In the other word if the evidence has probative value, the evidence will have admissibility. In todays information age the number of computer-related crime increased very fast we cannot deny the probative value of digital evidence. Because computer-generated or computer stored evidence h ave probative value. So this kind of evidence can be describe as ordinary evidence, and ordinary rules of evidence can be applied on digital evidence. The factors which will determine the admissibility of digital evidence According to the Federal Rules of Evidence Rule 402, relevant evidence is admissible. So the factor of determine the admissibility of digital evidence is whether the evidence relevant or not. But it is not enough to determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence because computer-generated or computer stored evidence has his own unique nature. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The unique nature of digital evidence, as well as the ease with which it can be manipulated or falsified, creates hurdles to admissibility not faced with other evidence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Hon. Alan Pendleton said. So in many computer-related cases the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence was always called into question. When the admissibil ity if computer-generated or computer stored evidence was called into question the court should use the analytical framework to analysis the admissibility of the digital evidence. Pursuant to Minnesota Judicial Training Update 13-11 the analytical framework should be the four step à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“STEP 1: EXHIBIT MUST BE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“AUTHENTICATED OR IDENTIFIEDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  STEP 2: DOES EXHIBIT CONSITUTE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“HEARSAY OR NON-HEARSAYà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  STEP 3: MUST BE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“RELEVANTà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  AND NOT à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“UNFAIRLY PREJUDICIALà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  STEP 4: MUST NOT CONSTITUTE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“PRIVILEGEDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  COMMUNICATIONà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Although this four-step are used to verify admissibility of general evidence, these four-step can also be used to determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence. Because computer-generated or computer stored evidence is a part of the evidence. Authenticated or identi fied Authenticated means the third party will provide a lot of evidence to prove the finding digital evidence in question is what the provider said it to be. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The most common method of authentication is the use of testimony by a witness with knowledge that the exhibit is what it claims to be. Minn. R. Evid. 9.01(b)(2). And in the Minn. R. Evid 9.01 list other 9 methods. But there are two types of authentication of digital evidence one is self-authenticating the other one is not self-authenticating. Pursuant to Minn. R. Evid. 9.02(5) information that from government website is self-authenticating. On the other hand private website are not self-authenticating. In the Mini. R. Evid it just mentioned what kind of web site information is self-authenticating what kind of web site information is not self-authenticating. But in another word government website that means public information, private website that means private information. So we can summarized as follow s: Public evidence is self-authenticating, and private information is not self-authenticating. So computer-generated or computer stored evidence should be divided into two situations, one is self-authenticating one is not self-authenticating. In certain circumstances computer-generated data is constant. For example the size of the hard disk. We can believe this kind of computer-generated data is self-authenticating data. But in most situation computer-generated or computer stored evidence requires authentication. For example computer-generated material is generated by computer itself such as the size of the file, last modify time of the file, last access time of the file and so on. Pursuant to Minn. R. Evid(b)(9) the process of authentication is two-fold à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“(1) A description of the system or process to produce a particular result, and (2) Evidence showing that the process or system produces an accurate result. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  However, because the unique n ature of digital evidence can be manipulated or falsified the questions of reliability of the digital evidence are often hotly disputed, the requirement to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“authenticateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is usually the most difficult to overcome. Hearsay or Non-hearsay (The computer has first-hand information) Hearsay rule is a very important rule in rules of evidence. According to this rule only the testimony of the person who knows the fact that can be accept. Because only this kind of person can be at the trial. If this rule is applied to the document evidence that will means if the document writer cannot testify for the document, the document cannot be an evidence. For the computer-generated or computer stored evidence, the evidence writer is computer itself and people cannot interrogate computer, so the computer-generated or computer stored evidence will not be accepted. This is obviously unreasonable so the legislature add another rule in the hearsay rule for computer-related evidence. That is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“first hand hearsay generally admissible in civil casesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  theCivil Evidence Act 1968. In another word people who have first-hand information produce the document, this document has admissibility, even if the people do not appear in court. According to this rule the computer-generated or computer stored evidence has admissibility if we can prove this computer has the first-hand information. So the one factor which will determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence is determining the first-hand information stored inside on this computer or generated by this computer. Must be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Relevantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“unfairly prejudicialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  As I mentioned before according to the Federal Rules of Evidence Rule 402, relevant evidence is admissible. So the first step to determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence is prove that there is a logical relationship between the evidence and the case. There is a simple example to understand the relevance, when kidnapping case happened, the investigator find there is a threatening e-mail in the mailbox of the family of the victims. The threatening e-mail is clearly associated with the cases. This kind of computer evidence is admissible. If the investigator find some photos of victimsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ family, the photos and the case has no relevance. So this kind of evidence is not admissible. In Minn. R. Evid. 401 another rule of relevant evidence is as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Relevant evidence means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of a fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  So even if relevant, evidence may be unfairly prejudicial. And this kind of evidence is not admissible. This rule also applies in the computer evidence, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“if the computer-generated or computer stored evidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This kind of evidence is unfairly prejudicial. So another factor which will determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence is check the evidence if it is unfairly prejudicial. Must not constitute à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Privilegedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  communication M.S. 595.02, subdivision. 1 competency of witnesses, identifies various communications. For example à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a husband cannot be examined for or against his wife without her consent, nor a wife for or against her husband without his consent, nor can either, during the marriage or afterwards, without the consent of the other, be examined as to any communication made by one to the other during the marriage.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  And M.S 595.02 also provide some other communications like communications between attorney and client, communication between doctor and patient and so on. Because of this factor à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Must not constitute à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Privilegedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  communicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , when we try to determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence we should check if the evidence against this rule. For example litigation between husband and wife, the husband get the digital evidence came from his wifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s co mputer (computer-generated or computer stored evidence) without his wifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consent. This kind of evidence is not admissible. But TJ McIntyre said à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Particularly in family law cases it can be very easy for a litigant to (illegally) access the laptop, webmail or other electronic information of the other side to collect ammunition for use at trial. This presents interesting legal issues as to when such evidence will be admissible, despite the way in which it was obtained.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  According to the Federal Rules of Evidence Rule 402, relevant evidence is admissible. Obviously the evidence is relevance. But on the basis that it was obtained illegally and in breach of the constitutional right to privacy of the respondent. Problem of determine the admissibility of computer evidence Now the factors which will determine the admissibility of computer-generated or computer stored evidence are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Exhibit must be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"aut henticated or identifiedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“does exhibit constitute à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"hearsay or non-hearsayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  ,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ the evidence must be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"relevantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"unfairly prejudicialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the evidence must not constitute à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢privilegedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ communicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The court can according to evidence provided to determine the evidence is relevant or not. The court has formulated a rule against the hearsay rule, protect the probative of computer evidence. But now in the computer-relate evidence area still have big problems of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“authenticationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“privilegedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Authentication Computer-generated or computer stored evidence can be easily modified, destroyed, deleted, and transferred. The reliability of computer evidence always be called into question. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“privilegedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  communication As TJ McIntyre saidbefore à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Particularly in family law cases it can be very easy for a litigant to (illegally) access the laptop, webmail or other electronic information of the other side to collect ammunition for use at trial. This presents interesting legal issues as to when such evidence will be admissible, despite the way in which it was obtained.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  If this kind of evidence is admissible. That means legal encourage people to illegally obtain private information of others. Conclusion Now the authentication of electronic evidence issues to be resolved slowly. So many digital forensics tools be built to do investigation. And now we just need a standard format to describe the digital evidence, use the software to test the difference between the original data and digital evidence and then got the reliability of the evidence. But this method based on the good preservation of the original data. If the original data be changed or destroyed we need a mor e underlying technology to find out the trace of changes. Use the trace of changes as an evidence. About the privileged communication problem. We cannot deny the probative of the computer evidence that has been find. We cannot ignoring some evidence especially the evidence can prove the facts of the crime. But we do not allow someone to use the illegal way to obtain evidence. Because this kind of action violate the personal privacy. Under the premise of not denying the admissibility of digital evidence obtained illegally, we should give the one who obtain the evidence illegally penalties according to law and admit the admissibility of the digital evidence. Q4: What challenges does the growth of electronic discovery present for legal systems? A long time ago, people use paper to create, transmit and storage information. But in the information age the creation, transmission, storage of digital information has generated an exponential increase in number of electronic informati on records. For example people can communicate with each by email, messages, and cellphone it will produce a lot digital information, as a result, the volume of electronically stored information (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ESIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) has increased exponentially over the last decade that are potentially relevant to a legal dispute. The electronic discovery develop very fast. But electronic discovery laws in various countries are still behind. The rapid development of electronic bring a lot of challenges to legal systems. Cost A large amount of information produced by people frequently is costly and time-consuming to identify, preserve and produce what can often amount to thousands or even millions of electronic records. Moreover, the traditional adversarial approach to civil discovery only tends to foster additional delay and motion practice where electronically stored information (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ESIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) is concerned, further contributing to excessive litigation c osts. As mentioned above a large amount of information produced by people. If we do the electronic discovery a lot of information should be discovered, it will cost a lot of money. And electronically stored information (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ESIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) is different from paper document, it often changes over time. Because of the rapid development of the information technology. Many digital information update automatically, they can be overwritten, and transmitted. If do the electronic discovery the high costs and burdens of conducting e-discovery are driven not only by the sheer volume of available ESI, but by its wide dispersal and complexity. For example, e-mail accumulates in prodigious quantities, in part because it can be shared, forwarded, and replicated among many different users. Similarly, a specific electronic document can reside in multiple locations: a hard drive, network server, laptop, blackberry, disaster recovery backup media, etc. In addition, ESI is much more difficult to dispose of than paper records. A shredded paper document is virtually irretrievable, but a deleted computer file can sometimes be recovered, albeit with some difficulty, through forensic methods. The digital revolution also has created new types of evidence not previously presented in litigation, including E-Z pass records, ATM records, and smart cards with embedded data such as Metro cards. We can conclude that the procedures of electronic discovery are on the basis of costs and burdens. ESI costs arise for three reasons: The volume of data can dwarf anything in hard copy. 2Information can be in different media, with costs involved in furnishing it in an accessible form. 3Independent technological assistance may be required. Rules of Order 31 attempt to limit expenses and introduce parity between the parties and take saving costs into consideration. The aim of the new rules is to share the burden of producing in bulk, documents which may or may not be necessary. Sometimes a third party may be appointed by the courts to identify the relevant, in this case, the cost is initially borne by the applicant, but is recoverable as costs in the cause. In my point, its better if the law require parties to share the expenses with reasonable reasons. However, its the duty of the applicant to undertake extra costs if the applicant makes extra requirements on electronic discovery.

War of the Worlds Analysis - 1503 Words

All creation evolves with the idea of survival of the fittest; there is always competition for control in an environment. This idea supports the theory that power is fleeting and that there is nothing in creation that reigns permanently all-powerful. In War of the Worlds H.G. Wells uses title, setting, and irony to convey the theme that when a force stands as the most potent entity in a system, there is always another power to put the other in check. Herbert George Wells was an English writer born on September 21, 1866, in Bromley, Kent, England, and died August 13, 1946, in London, England. He was the youngest of four children of Joseph Wells, a shopkeeper and cricketer, and Sarah Neal, a former domestic servant. He attended Thomas Morley’s Commercial Academy as a child, and was a pupil-teacher at the National School at Wookey and later at Midhurst Grammar School. He studied biology and Darwinian evolution at the Royal College of Science in London. Throughout his educational and professional career Wells developed a passion for expressing his ideas on society, politics, and religion through writing. He is most known for his contributions to the genre of science fiction, most notably The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine, The Invisible Man, and The Island of Doctor Moreau. The title is significant in its literal meaning and application. War of the Worlds literally means an armed conflict between planets. That is exactly what this novel is about, the war that theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of World War II752 Words   |  4 Pages World War II was one of the most widespread and deadliest battles fought. It left 291,557 United States soldiers dead and 670,846 soldiers wounded throughout a period of six years. It took a huge physiological toll on the soldiers, families, and even the people throughout the world. 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Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) Essay - 850 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s program of relief, recovery, and reform that aimed at solving the economic problems created by the Depression of the 1930’s, was referred to as the New Deal. The Great Society was the name given to the domestic program of the U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson. Both programs had similar yet opposing points. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Something had to be done about the banking system disintegration, and the most conservative business leaders were as ready for government intervention as the most advanced radicals (Garraty 765). It was unquestionably Franklin D. Roosevelt who provided the spark that reenergized the American people (Garraty 765).†¦show more content†¦A large minority labeled the New Deal a solid success. â€Å"Considerable recovery had taken place, but more basic was the fact that Roosevelt, recruiting an army of forceful officials to staff the new government agencies, had infused his administration with a spirit of bustle and optimism† (Garraty 769). Although he wasn’t much of an intellectual, his openness to suggestion made him eager to draw on the ideas and energies of experts of all sorts. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The New Deal lacked any consistent ideological base. After 1936, the New Deal was thrown increasingly on the defensive (Stevenson 130). â€Å"The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that much of the New Deal legislation was unconstitutional, and the presidents proposal to enlarge the court to make it more liberal and therefore more amenable to the legislation caused many members of Congress to desert the president† (Stevenson 130). In addition, a severe recession led many people to turn against the New Deal policies. When World War II erupted in September 1939, Roosevelt grew increasingly reluctant to support reforms that might, by antagonizing conservatives in Congress or by alienating any bloc of voters, jeopardize support for his foreign policy (Stevenson 131). No major New Deal was enacted after 1938. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;United States entry into the war provided a temporary solution for many problems that had baffled New Dealers. 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Historical Paintings of the Madonna Essay Example For Students

Historical Paintings of the Madonna Essay The mother of Jesus Christ, Madonna, the most popular woman in the majority of classical art, is typically depicted as a beautiful woman. Her son is Jesus, suggesting that she should be shown as a woman of equal significance. Prior to Parmigianino’s â€Å"Madonna of the Long Neck,† artistic works with Mary as one of the central figures is meant to honor her. Child. E. H. Gombrich points out that Parmigianino’s distorted representation of the woman could be seen as offensive due to the fact that is deviates so deeply away from the traditional, sophisticated, and sacred ideas of the Madonna. I understand why people may consider this piece offensive, but that is hardly ever the intention of art. I do not believe that this painting should be viewed at offensive because of Parmigianino’s distinct techniques and intentions. Mannerism is an incredibly prominent style seen in countless Italian Renaissance pieces as well as some early Baroque art. The definition should not be confused with gestures in common speech. Artistic mannerism has an entirely different purpose and connotation. A painting with clear distortions, such as elongations and obvious imbalances, is likely a Mannerist painting. Parmigianino’s Madonna is one of the most apparent examples of Mannerism, even carrying through to the title of the piece. Mary and Jesus are the central most figures, therefore they display the greatest amount of Mannerism. The most prominent distortion is Mary’s unusually long neck, and the rest of her body is also incredibly disproportionate. Her head is extremely small for her figure, as her hips are quite wide-set, and her hands are skeleton-like, also appearing to be much too large in comparison to her arms. The woman is essentially the shape of a pear. Mary is not the only distorted figure in this piece, though. It is not unusual for the baby Jesus to be depicted as much larger than the average infant in classical art, but the way that Jesus is shown by Parmigianino is, by far, one of the most peculiar. Michelangelo’s â€Å"Pieta† displays a similar shape to Jesus as shown in â€Å"Madonna of the Long Neck,† with his left arm appearing to be almost dislocated in a way, draping over Mary, as well as looking a bit like a corpse set upon his mother. The â€Å"Pieta† also depicts a Jesus that has already died, but the Jesus depicted by Parmigianino, strangely enough, appears to be in a position similar to that of the cross. This piece is clearly not traditional in the sense of technique, but I do not believe that â€Å"traditional† was Parmigianino’s intention. It can be said that the elongation of the figures is a dramatic interpretation of their elegance and importance, or maybe the elongation is a representation of reaching for the heavens. With the shifting and progression of artistic eras, tradition slowly becomes a thing of the past with every movement. One thing I can determine is that Parmigianino intended for this painting to be like that of any other Madonna – honorable. Modern and Post-Modern artists introduced the concept of risky and potentially offensive art, not those in the Italian Renaissance. With the influence of Mannerism and Naturalism, the prevalence of idealism in Renaissance and Baroque art is so clear that it does not make sense to take offence to any pieces from this time.